LIVESTOCK BUDIDAYA sheep

LIVESTOCK BUDIDAYA sheep
(Bovidae)

1. BRIEF HISTORY

Sheep that we know now is the result dometikasi human history derived from the 3 types of wild sheep, the Mouflon (Ovis musimon), which comes from Europe and South Asia Small, Argali (Ovis Ammon) came from Southeast Asia, Urial (Ovis vignei) who came of Asia.

2. SENTRA FISHERY

In Indonesia, sheep farming centers in the areas of Aceh and North Sumatra. In Aceh in 1993 was approximately 106 thousand sheep tails, while in North Sumatra, about 95 thousand head of sheep diternakan. Land used for berternak in the Aceh region based on data Puslit Land and Agroklimat Deptan 1979, covering 5.5 million hectares from the ability of class I to VIII, while in North Sumatra area used about 7 million hectares.

3. TYPE

As well as goats, sheep, cattle and buffalo, classified in the family Bovidae. We know some of the nation's sheep scattered around the world, such as:

1. The village is a sheep sheep originating from Indonesia
2. Lamb Priangan come from Indonesia and there are many areas in West Java.
3. Ekor sheep is a sheep fat that came from Indonesia as the East Madura, Sulawesi and Lombok.
4. Garut sheep are sheep crossing the triangle between the villages sheep, Merino sheep and fat tails from South Africa.
In Indonesia, especially in Java, there are 2 of the nation's famous sheep, the sheep tail fat that there are many areas in Central Java and Java
East and thin tail sheep that are in West Java

4. BENEFITS

Lamb is a source of animal protein and fat. Although not yet in the community, sheep milk is a nutritious beverage. Another benefit of the sheep berternak is bulunya can be used as the textile industry.

5. LOCATION REQUIREMENTS

Location for the sheep farm in the area should be a wide, fresh air and the quiet surrounding, close to the source of cattle feed, has a water source, far from residential areas and sources of water (at least 10 meters), relatively close to the center's marketing and feed livestock.

6. TECHNICAL GUIDELINES BUDIDAYA

1. Preparation Facility and Equipment
1. Perkandangan
Must be strong so that the pen can be used for a long time, the size sesua with the number of cattle, clean, get the morning sun, the enclosure must be adequate ventilation and is higher than the surrounding environment in order not to be inundated. Shed roof grown from a lightweight material and has a power reserve of heat is relatively small, for example, from the roof rumbia.Kandang divided into several parts according to its function, namely:
1. Kandang parent / primary, where the fatted sheep. One need broad tail sheep pen 1 x 1 m.
2. Kandang parent and child, the mother who is breastfeeding her child for 3 months. A parent sheep require wide x 1.5 m and 1 child sheep require knowledgeable 0.75 x 1 m.
3. Pejantan enclosure, where the rams that will be used as pemacak of 2 x 1.5 m / pemancak. In the fold should be a place to eat there, trough of food and beverage, food warehouses, where umbaran (when the sheep pens cleaned) and the dirt / compost.

The type and model of the enclosure in fact can be distinguished into 2 types, namely:
1. Type pen Stage
This type of pen has a vault of valuable container as dirt. Made dug pit and lower than the surface of the soil so that water and sewage kencingnya not berceceran. Alas enclosure made of wood / bamboo that has been preserved, Highest stage of the land is made at least 50 cm / m 2 for the ranch. Palung food should be a meeting, so that the food provided is not tercecer out.
2. Type pen Lemprak
Shed on this type generally used for cattle sheep kereman. Kandang lemprak not equipped with a wood base, but grounded cattle feces and the remnants hijauan feed. Pen does not have the food trough, but the grass basket
placed over the base. Deliberately over-feeding, so that results can be a lot of dirt. Sewage will be demolished after about 1-6 weeks.
2. Preparing Seeds
Lamb is the winner of healthy sheep fell ill and not by pest and disease, comes from the nation's sheep and the percentage of the birth of high fertility, and the growing speed and a good percentage of carcass. Thus the success of the business of cattle sheep can not be separated with the election parent / pejantan that has attributes of both.
1. Candidates and election Seeds Up
1. Candidate Master: aged 1,5-2 years, is not disabled, the form of a normal stomach, small to medium ears, fuzz, visage and have good
kawin big appetite and normal tails.
2. Candidates Pejantan: aged 1,5-2 years old, healthy and not disabled, the body's normal, and the descendants of the birth parent children 2 tails / more, the foot bone protrusion of the penis and have the same major and kelaminnya could react, the movement has lincah, visage and relatively fast growth rate.
2. Reproduction and Marriage
Things that need to be known by the breeder in the management of reproduction is the marriage of planned and on time.
1. Adult Sex, that is when the cattle entered the sheep birahi the first time and ready to implement the process of reproduction. Phase is achieved at the time of sheep aged 6-8 months, both on the male and female.
2. Adult body, namely the male and female sheep ready for is integrated. The period is achieved at the age of 10-12 months on the female and male in 12 months. Marriage will be successful when the female sheep in birahi.
3. Birth Process
Old kebuntingan for sheep is 150 days (5 months). The birth of a child sheep, pens must be clean and dry the pad. Base materials for the enclosure can be a gunny / dry straw. Drugs that need to be prepared is to be smeared on jodium former discount rope navel. Up sheep that can be delivered through the physical changes and perilakunya as follows:
1. The state of decline and stomach pinggul relax.
2. Fruit and milk belly nipple fully.
3. Tumefy genitals, reddish color and moist.
4. Livestock always nervous and decreased appetite.
5. Urinate frequently.


The process of birth takes place 15-30 minutes, if 45 minutes after fetal broken, sheep unborn child, the birth should be assisted. Son of a newborn lamb with a clean dry cloth to use in order to breathe. Usually the parent sheep menjilati son to dry and clean.
3. Maintenance
1. Sanitation and preventive action
Environmental sanitation can be done with a clean cage and equipment from the nest and insect pests. pen, especially where feed and water washed and dried every day. Cleaning should be done in the wild grass around the enclosure. Corral cleaned once a week.
2. Controlling disease
Sheep disease that can be treated and separated from the healthy. Menyuntikan do preventive vaccination with the sheep healthy.
3. Animal Care
Pregnant mother is given good food and regular, the space field and separated from other sheep. parent given birth to a new food and drink hijauan that has been mixed with other food brace. In addition, the parent must dimandikan sheep. Children sheep (Cempe) was born a new, cleaned and given food that terseleksi. Cempe the disapih note. feed quality
in the form of pulp is not more than 0.20 kg once a day.
Treatment of adult cattle include:
1. Cattle bathe regularly at least once a week. disikat way and disabuni. in the morning, and then dried under the rays
morning sun.
2. Shaving Bulu
Shearing wool with ordinary scissors / razor this. be at least 6 months and disisakan cutting fur setebal approximately 0.5 cm. Previous dimandikan sheep wool, so that can be produced textiles. The four legs bound sheep that does not flee at the time be shaven. Shearing starts from the stomach and the future direction of the sheep back.
3. Caring for Cut and Nail Care
Cutting nails sheep slaughtered 4 months with the machete, carved wood, rantan knife, knife or nail clippers.
4. Giving Feeds
Vitamine food needed by sheep and cattle should be available in the absolute amount that is enough carbohydrate, fat, protein, vitamins, minerals and water. Material feed for sheep in general, classified in 4 groups as follows:
1. The Grass-herb, such as elephant grass, Bengali, brachiaria, the king, mexico and natural grass.
2. The nuts, such as leaves Lamtoro, turi, Gamal peanut leaves, leaves beans, albisia, kaliandra, and gliricidia
siratro.
3. Results Agriculture waste, such as jackfruit leaves, leaves waru, dadap leaves, hibiscus leaves, banana leaves, corn leaves, yam leaves of trees,
yam leaves and leaf Rambat Beringin.
4. The Food brace (concentration), such as bran, corn karing, salt, coconut oilcake, fish meal, soybean oilcake, pulp, and pulp and soy cotton seed.

Feed for sheep as a mixture of the four groups above the level of compliance with age. The proportion of the mix are:
1. Livestock adults: 75% grass, leaves 25%
2. Up bunting: 60% grass, leaves 40%, concentrate 2-3 glasses
3. Up breastfeeding: 50% grass, leaves 50% and glass konsentrat2-3
4. Children before disapih: 50% grass, leaves 50%
5. Children separated sapih: 60% grass, leaves 40% glass and concentrate 0,5-1


While the dose of sheep ransum for growth are as follows:
1. 1.4 kg of body weight: grass / hijauan = 180 kg / day, growing weight = 50 grams / day
2. 1.4 kg of body weight: grass / hijauan = 340 kg / day, growing weight = 100 grams / day
3. 1.4 kg of body weight: grass / hijauan = 410 kg / day, growing weight = 150 grams / day
4. 2.9 kg of body weight: grass / hijauan = 110 kg / day, growing weight = 50 grams / day
5. 2.9 kg of body weight: grass / hijauan = 280 kg / day, growing weight = 100 grams / day
6. 2.9 kg of body weight: grass / hijauan = 440 kg / day, growing weight = 150 grams / day
7. 4.3 kg of body weight: concentrate = 160 grams / day, growing weight = 50 grams / day
8. 4.3 kg of body weight: concentrate = 320 grams / day, growing weight = 100 grams / day
9. 4.3 kg of body weight: concentrate = 470 grams / day, growing weight = 150 grams / day
10. 5.8 kg of body weight: concentrate = 100 grams / day, growing weight = 50 grams / day
11. 5.8 kg of body weight: concentrate = 260 grams / day, growing weight = 100 grams / day
12. 5.8 kg of body weight: concentrate = 410 grams / day, growing weight = 150 grams / day
13. 7.2 kg of body weight: concentrate = 60 grams / day, growing weight = 50 grams / day
14. 7.2 kg of body weight: concentrate = 180 grams / day, growing weight = 100 grams / day
15. 7.2 kg of body weight: concentrate = 340 grams / day, growing weight = 150 grams / day
16. 8.7 kg of body weight: concentrate = 50 grams / day, growing weight = 50 grams / day
17. 8.7 kg of body weight: concentrate = 110 grams / day, growing weight = 100 grams / day
18. 8.7 kg of body weight: concentrate = 260 grams / day, growing weight = 150 grams / day
19. The weight of 10.1 kg: concentrate = 40 grams / day, growing weight = 50 grams / day
20. The weight of 10.1 kg: concentrate = 280 grams / day, growing weight = 100 grams / day
21. The weight of 10.1 kg: concentrate = 440 grams / day, growing weight = 150 grams / day
5. Vaccination and the provision of medicine
The provision of vaccination can be done once every six months can be done with the vaccination menyuntikan drugs into the body of sheep. Vaccination is done on children start sheep (cempe) when it is aged 1 month, then repeated at the age of 2-3 months. Vaccination is given the usual type of spore vaccine (Max Sterne), Serum anti Anthrax, AE vaccine, vaccines and SE (Septichaemia Epizootica).
6. Maintenance Kandang
Maintenance includes cleaning stalls menimal sheep dung once a week, remove sewage waste to shelter, clean the floor or bed, spraying pengapuran and pens to disinfektan.

7. Pests and diseases

1. Diarrhea disease
The cause: Escherichia coli bacteria that attacks the sheep children aged 3 months. Medicine: antibiotics and sulfa provided through the mouth.
2. Navel inflammation disease
The cause: navel-cutting tool is not sterile or strap navel tercemar by the bacteria Streptococcus, Staphyloccus, Escherichia coli and Actinomyces necrophorus. Age of sheep who fell ill cempe age usually 2-7 days. Symptoms: swelling occurs around the navel, and when the sheep will be in pain. Control: with antibiotics, sulfa and navel compressed with rivanol solution (disinfectant).
3. Smallpox Mulut
The disease attacks the sheep until the age of 3 months. Symptoms: cempe who fell ill could not suck milk mother because tenggorokannya pain which can result in death. Control: the Sulfapyridine such as sulfa, Sulfamerozine, or pinicillin.
4. Diseases Titani
The causes: lack of Defisiensi Calcium (Ca) and Manganese (Mn). Sheep that are attacked are usually 3-4 months. Symptoms: sheep always nervous, some of the strain-relief ototnya even overlooks the body. It can be treated with menyuntikan solution Genconos calcicus and Magnesium.
5. Inflammation disease Limoah
The disease attacks the sheep at all ages, is very dangerous, penularannya quickly and can spread to humans. The cause: the bacteria Bacillus anthracis .. Symptoms: body temperature escalate, from the nostril and anus out the fluid mixed with blood, fast pulse, body trembling, and lost appetite. Control: menyuntikan with antibiotics Pracain penncillin G, with the dose for 6000-10000 / kg body weight of sheep contagious.
6. Nails and mouth disease
This disease can cause death in cattle sheep, and who is attacked in the mouth and nails. The cause: a virus attack and all the sheep in the age of symptoms: mouth blister diselaputi mucus. Control: clean up the blister in the mouth with a solution using aluminum sulphate 5%, while the nail is done by soaking nails in formalin solution Natrium carbonic or 4%.
7. Diseases Ngorok
The cause: the bacteria Pasteurella multocida. Symptoms: sheep decreased appetite, can cause swelling in the neck and chest. All ages can sheep disease, the sheep who fell ill and swelling seen talking stick out, mouth gape, frothy mucus out and difficult to sleep. Control: using antibiotics through drinking water or injection.
8. Diseases flatulency
The cause: the provision of food that is not organized or eating grass that is still covered dew. Symptoms: sheep stomach swell and can cause death. For that arranged a regular feeding schedule and do not amount digembalakan too early Control: to give the sugar diseduh with acid, the next leg of lamb was up front until the gas out.
9. Parasitic worm disease
All ages can sheep disease this. The cause: worms Fasciola gigantica (heart worm), hookworm Neoascaris vitulorum (ring worm), hookworm Haemonchus contortus (stomach worms), worms Thelazia rhodesii (the worms). Control: Zanil given or provided through Valbazen drinks, can also be given drugs such as worms Piperazin with a dose of 220 mg / kg body weight of sheep.
10. Diseases Kudis
It is a disease that attacks the skin of sheep on all ages. As a result of this disease is declining sheep production, the skin becomes ugly and selling livestock to reduce the sheep. The cause: a parasitic lice called Psoroptes ovis, Psoroptes ciniculi and Chorioptes bovis. Symptoms: the sheep's body is weak, thin, decreased appetite and body happy scratch. Scabies can attack the face, ears, back stomach, legs and tail base. Control: the spread Benzoas bensilikus 10% in the wound, with the hose sheep Coumaphos 0,05-0,1%.
11. Diseases Dermatitis
Is infectious skin disease on sheep cattle, the sheep skin seeds. The cause: a virus from the sub-group Pox virus and attack all age sheep. Symptoms: inflammation occurs in the skin around the mouth, eyelid, and genital tool. On a breastfeeding mother to milk gland inflammation. Control: using salep or Jodium tinctur the injured.
12. Scrofula Milk
This disease often occur in the adult sheep breastfeeding, so that the milk of water diisap cempe tercemar. The cause: the sheep udder parent who does not feed the ruti cleaned. Symptoms: swollen udder sheep, be touched when tersa summer, there was a fever and high body temperature, less appetite, milk, water produsi parent reduced. Control: the antibiotic drugs through drinking water.

In general, control and prevention of diseases that occur in sheep can be done with:

1. Keep the pen, pen and pad change.
2. Controlling child sheep (cempe) as often as possible.
3. Providing food and nutrition brace that contains minerals, calcium and mangannya.
4. Providing food as scheduled and the amount, the new feed Hijauan cut should dilayukan before given.
5. Avoiding the rough food or feed hijauan a snail terkontaminasi and washed before dibrikan sebainya first.
6. Sanitation is good, often bathe and shear sheep wool.
7. Tatalaksana pen set properly.
8. Conducting vaccination and treatment of the sick sheep.

8. PANEN

1. Main results
Results from the main cultivation is sheep carcass (meat)
2. Additional results
Results from additional cultivation is bulunya sheep (wool), which can be made as textiles.
3. Cleaning
Before cattle are slaughtered in a way to wash feet and sheep heads above water spout cattle carcass to be generated not
tercemar by bacteria and dirt.

9. PASCAPANEN

1. Stoving
There are several principles that must be technical in cutting the sheep so that the results obtained by cutting the good, namely:
1. Livestock must diistirahatkan sheep before cutting
2. Livestock sheep must be clean, free from dust and dirt that can contaminate meat.
3. Cutting cattle must be done as soon as possible, and the pain suffered by livestock grown little blood and may have to quit completely.
4. All the processes used must be designed to reduce the number and type of microorganisms pencemar minimal as possible.
2. Barking
Barking at the sheep that have been disembelih can be done with the blunt knife or griping that does not damage the skin. Sheepskin cleared of meat, fat, blood stains or dirt attached. If you are clean, with an skelter made from wood, leather dried sheep in the range. Position the most good for drying with the sun is in a position angle 45 degrees.
3. Expenditure offal
After the sheep skinned, viscera (visceral) or often called the viscera issued with the carcass is cut up (meat) in the stomach
sheep.
4. Cutting carcass
Carcass be split into two parts, namely the body of the carcass left and the right carcass body. Carcass cut-cut into the sub-neck, front thigh, rear thigh, side and back. Pieces are separated into parts meat, fat, bone and tendon. Cutting carcass
must be of good that does not quickly become damaged, especially the quality and hygienitasnya. For the condition of carcass affected by the role of microorganisms during the process of cutting expenditure and offal.

10. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS BUDIDAYA

1. Cultivating Business Analysis
Approximate analysis of the sheep during the 136 days in Bogor in 1995 is as follows:
1. Production cost
1. Land
* Rent land 700 m 2 (5 hours) Rp. 100.000, --
2. Seeds
* Sheep ekor@Rp.40.000 lepas sapih 100, - Rp. 4.000.000, --
3. Buildings and equipment
* Kandang size 3.5 m x 18.75 m (2 pieces):
o Bamboo stem @ Rp 360. 2000, - Rp. 720,000, --
o Board of wood 2 m long (352 pieces) @ Rp. 2000, - Rp. 704,000, --
Paku o reng 8 kg @ Rp. 4000, - Rp. 32.000, --
o Paku usuk 10 kg @ Rp. 2500, - Rp. 25.000, --
o Genting 6480 @ Rp fruit. 200, - Rp. 1,296,000, --
o 42 m @ strap Rp. Rp 700.00. 29400, --
* Base Camp + warehouse the size of 5 m x 6 m:
Bamboo batang@Rp.2.000 o 28, - Rp. 56000, --
o Board 2 m length of wood 60 buah@Rp.1.800, - Rp. 108,000, --
o reng Paku 2 kg@Rp.4.000, Rp 00. 8000, --
o Paku usuk 3 kg@Rp.2.500, Rp 00. 7500, --
Genting 1200 buah@Rp.200 o, - Rp. 240.000, --
Tali o 15 m @ Rp. 700, - Rp. 10.500, --
* Tools
o Place a drink he was 25 cm (100) @ Rp.2.500, - Rp. 250.000, --
o 2 buah@Rp.12.500 shovel, - Rp. 25.000, --
Bucket o plastic diameter 25 cm (3 pcs) @ Rp.2.500, - Rp. 7500, --
o Tong bathtub (2 fruit) Rp.35.000 @, - Rp. 70000, --
o Ciduk (4 pieces) @ Rp.1.500, - Rp. 6000, --
4. Feed
* Hijauan / 34,000 kg@Rp.500 grass, - Rp. 17,000,000, --
* Rp concentrate. 2.450.000, --
* Dedak 1780 kg@Rp.600, - Rp. 1,068,000, --
* Coconut oilcake 890 kg@Rp.1.250, - Rp. 1,112,500, --
* Flour corn 534.1 kg@Rp.900, - Rp. 480,690, --
* Oilcake peanut 284.9 kg@Rp.1800, - Rp. 512,820, --
* Salt kg@Rp.500 kitchen 35.598, - Rp. 17800, --
* Powder kg@Rp.600 bones 23.472, - Rp. 14.100, --
Lime kg@Rp.600 * 23.472, - Rp. 14.100, --
5. Labor
* 112 workers HKSP@Rp.7.000, - Rp. 784,000, --
* Labor 15 HKSP@Rp.7.000, - Rp. 105,000, --
* Maintenance workers during the day Rp 136. 884,000, --
6. Unexpected cost Rp 10%. 3,213,800, --
Total Capital Usaha Tani Rp. 35,351,710, --
2. Income
1. Value sales ternak100 x 95% x Rp.400.000, - Rp. 38,000,000, --
2. Sales value of manure Rp 250,000, -: Total Income (II) Rp. 38,250,000, --
3. Benefits of business: (II - I) Rp. 2,898,290, --
3. Parameters of the business
Total Income
a. B / C Ratio = ........ . = 1.08
Total production costs
2. Gambaran Peluang Agribusiness: ...

11. REFERENCES

1. Bambang agus murtidjo. 1993. Keeping sheep, Publisher Kanisius, Yogyakarta.
2. Bambang Cahyono. 1998. Beternak Sheep and Goat, Publisher Kanisius, Yogyakarta.
3. Bambang Sugeng. 1990. Beternak Lamb. Swadaya spreader, Jakarta,
4. Joko santoso dkk. 1991. Crop Livestock Development in Rural Development (Prosiding), Faculty of Animal Husbandry UNSOED. Purwokerto.
5. No news agriculture. 125/Th.X/1993, Livestock, Jakarta, 1993.

12. CONTACT RELATIONS

1. Project Rural Community Economic Development - BAPPENAS Jl.Sunda Coconut No. 7 Jakarta, Tel. 021 390 9829, Fax. 021 390 9829
2. Office Minister of State Research and Technology, Deputy Pendayagunaan and Pemasyarakatan Iptek, BPPT II Building 6 Floor, Jl. M. H. Thamrin No. 8, Jakarta 10340, Indonesia, Tel. +62 21 316 9166 ~ 69, Fax. +62 21 310 1952, Web Site: http://www.ristek.go.id

Source: Project Development of Rural Economic Society, Bappenas

PRODUCTION SETTINGS of the Lamb

1. KELUARAN
The pattern of production targeted
2. TECHNICAL GUIDELINES
1. The marriage is intended to set the sheep production tailored to the child's sales goals. Are the target of at least one head per month can be sold.
2. Pejantan and 8 female tail is the smallest scale to produce one child each month. sheep together with the parent pejantan for 2 months and replaced every 2 weeks with the next chief does not bunting.
3. Old child with the parent is 3 months and for the purpose of my disapih or seeds.
4. feeding for pregnant and breastfeeding mother added feed additional feed basic grass / hijauan (1 1 / 2% body weight)
3. RESOURCES
Ministry of Agriculture, http://www.deptan.go.id, March 2001
4. CONTACT RELATIONS
RI Department of Agriculture, Department of Agriculture Office - Jalan Harsono RM No. 3, Ragunan - Pasar Minggu, Jakarta 12550 - Indonesia

OSCAR BUDIDAYA decorative fish

OSCAR BUDIDAYA decorative fish
(Astronatus Ocellatus)

1. INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION

Ikan Oscar merupakan jenis ikan air tawar yang berasal dari sungai Amazone, Panama, Rio-Paraguay dan Tio-Negro Amerika Selatan, serta sudapat dikembang-biakan di Indonesia. Oscar is a fish species of freshwater fish from rivers that originate Amazone, Panama, Paraguay and the Rio-Tio Afro-South America, and sudapat dikembang-culture in Indonesia. Ikan Oscar mempunyai bentuk dan warna yang menarik. Oscar fish have the shape and color of interest. Warna badannya kehitam-hitaman dengan batikan berwarna kuning kemerah-merahan. Color body blacky with batikan aeneous. Tidak seperti ikan hias lain, ikan oscar memerlukan perlakuan sedikit khusus pada cara perkembangbiakannya, sehingga ikan Oscar ini termasuk ikan yang mahal. Unlike other ornamental fish, oscar fish requires little special treatment in the way perkembangbiakannya, so this Oscar fish including the expensive fish. Oscar is a fish species of freshwater fish from rivers that originate Amazone, Panama, Paraguay and the Rio-Tio Afro-South America, and sudapat dikembang-culture in Indonesia. Oscar is a fish species of Freshwater fish from rivers that originate Amazone, Panama, Paraguay and the Rio-Tio Afro-South America, and sudapat dikembang-culture in India. Oscar Fish has a form of color and interesting. Oscar fish have the shape and color of interest. Color body blacky with batikan aeneous. Color body blacky with batikan aeneous. Unlike other ornamental fish, oscar fish requires little special treatment in the way perkembangbiakannya, so this Oscar fish including the expensive fish. Unlike other ornamental fish, oscar fish requires little special treatment in the way perkembangbiakannya, so this Oscar fish including the expensive fish.

II. PEMIJAHAN

1. Pemilihan Induk Up Elections Up Up Elections Elections
   
   1. Induk yang baik untuk dipijahkan sudah berumur 1,5 tahun sampai 2 tahun dengan panjang badan 15 cm dan tinggi badan 10 cm serta berwarna cerah. Up to a good dipijahkan are aged 1.5 years to 2 years old with a body length and 15 cm high and 10 cm body flamboyant. Up to a good dipijahkan are aged 1.5 years to 2 years old with a body length and 15 cm high and 10 cm body flamboyant. Up to a good dipijahkan are aged 1.5 years to 2 years old with a body length and 15 cm high and Flamboyant 10 cm body.
      
   2. Seleksi induk dimulai saat ikan Oscar masih remaja (5 ~ 6 bulan), dengan cara mencampurkan 5 ekor jantan dan 5 ekor betina. Selection parent starts when the fish are still teenagers Oscar (5 ~ 6 months), how to blend with 5 male and 5 tails female tails. Ikan Oscar remaja ini akan mencari pasangannya sendiri-sendiri. Fish Oscar teenagers will find their own spouses. Setelah saling berpasangan maka kita pisahkan di bak tersendiri sampai menjadi induk. After each other, we separate a pair of tanks to be withdrawn until the parent. Selection parent starts when the fish are still teenagers Oscar (5 ~ 6 months), how to blend with 5 male and 5 tails female tails. Selection parent starts when the fish are still teenagers Oscar (5 ~ 6 months), how to blend with 5 male and 5 tails female tails. Fish Oscar teenagers will find their own spouses. Fish Oscar teenagers will find their own spouses. After each other, we separate a pair of tanks to be withdrawn until the parent. After each other, we separate a pair of tanks to be withdrawn until the parent.
      
2. Perbedaan Induk Jantan dan Betina Differences Up Jantan and Betina Differences Up Jantan and Betina Up Differences Jantan and Betina
   

   Induk Jantan Up Jantan Up Up Jantan Jantan	Induk Betina Up Betina Betina Betina Up Up
   - panjang badan relatif lebih panjang - The length of the body are relatively long - The length of the body are relatively long - the length of the body are relatively long - alat kelamin lebih menonjol - Genitals more prominent - More prominent genitals - Genitals more prominent	- induk yang telah matang perutnya gendut - The parent has matured bellies bloated - The parent has matured bellies bloated - The parent has matured bellies bloated - lubang kelamin lebih besar - Sex larger hole - Larger holes sex - Sex larger hole

3. Cara Pemijahan How Pemijahan How Pemijahan How Pemijahan
   
   1. Bak perkawinan terbuat dari semen yang berukuran 1 1/2 x 1 x 0,5m 3 , diisi air yang telah diendapkan selama 12 ~ 24 jam setinggi 30 ~ 40 cm. Bath marriage of cement measuring 1 1 / 2 x 1 x 0.5 m 3, filled with water that has been diendapkan for 12 hours at 24 ~ 30 ~ 40 cm. Bath marriage of cement measuring 1 1 / 2 x 1 x 0.5 m 3, filled with water that has been diendapkan for 12 hours at 24 ~ 30 ~ 40 cm. Bath marriage of cement measuring 1 1 / 2 x 1 x 0.5 m 3 , filled with water that has been diendapkan for 12 hours at 24 ~ 30 ~ 40 cm.
      
   2. Jika bak perkawinannya luas, dapat disekat. If the vessel perkawinannya knowledgeable, can disekat. If the vessel perkawinannya knowledgeable, can disekat. If the vessel perkawinannya Knowledgeable, can disekat.
      
   3. Sepasang induk Oscar yang telah matang telur dimasukkan ke dalam bak. A pair of main Oscar cooked eggs that have been inserted in the vessel. A pair of main Oscar cooked eggs that have been inserted in the vessel. A pair of main Oscar cooked eggs that have been inserted in the vessel.
      
   4. Pada setiap kolom diberi batu ceper yang berwarna gelap dan di atasnya ditutup sebagian besar agar suasana kolom menjadi teduh. In each column is given a flat stone and dark color on top of that closed most of the column to be calm atmosphere. In each column is given a flat stone and dark color on top of that closed most of the column to be calm atmosphere. In each column is given a flat stone and dark color on top of that closed most of the column to be calm atmosphere.
      
   5. Oscar mengadakan pemijahan siang dan sore hari langsung dibuahi oleh pejantan. Oscar pemijahan the afternoon and evening immediately fertilized by pejantan. Oscar pemijahan the afternoon and evening immediately fertilized by pejantan. Oscar pemijahan the afternoon and evening immediately fertilized by pejantan.
      
   6. Telur yang berada di atas batu ceper tersebut yang telah dibuahi diangakat dimasukkan ke dalam aquarium untuk ditetaskan. Eggs that are in the top of the flat stone that has been fertilized diangakat included in the aquarium for ditetaskan. Aquarium berukuran 70 x 40 x 40 cm 3 diisi air setinggi 10 cm, untuk telur sepasang induk. Aquarium measuring 70 x 40 x 40 cm 3 filled with water up to 10 cm, a pair of eggs for the parent. Eggs that are in the top of the flat stone that has been fertilized diangakat included in the aquarium for ditetaskan. Eggs that are in the top of the flat stone that has been fertilized diangakat included in the aquarium for ditetaskan. Aquarium measuring 70 x 40 x 40 cm 3 filled with water up to 10 cm, a pair of eggs for the parent. Aquarium measuring 70 x 40 x 40 cm 3 filled with water up to 10 cm, a pair of eggs for the parent.
      
   7. Ke dalam aquarium diberi udara (aerasi) dengan kekuatan lemah. Be given to the aquarium in the air (aerasi) with a weak force. Be given to the aquarium in the air (aerasi) with a weak force. Be given to the aquarium in the water (aerasi) with a weak force.
      
   8. Selesai 3 hari biasanya telur-telur mulai menetas. Finished 3-day usually eggs hatch eggs start. Finished 3-day usually eggs hatch eggs start. Finished 3-day usually eggs hatch eggs start.
      
   9. Air diberi campuran emalin atau methylene blue. Emalin given water or a mixture of methylene blue. Emalin given water or a mixture of methylene blue. Emalin given water or a mixture of methylene blue.
      

3. PEMELIHARAAN BENIH Maintenance BENIH 3. BENIH maintenance Maintenance BENIH

1. Benih ikan ini sampai berumur 4 hari belum perlu diberi makan, karena masih mempunyai persediaan makanan pada yolk sacknya (kuning telur). Seed fish until the age of 4 days should not be fed, because it still had supplies of food in the yolk sacknya (yellow). Seed fish until the age of 4 days should not be fed, because it still had supplies of food in the yolk sacknya (yellow). Seed fish until the age of 4 days should not be fed, because it still had supplies of food in the yolk sacknya ( yellow).
   
2. Pada hari ke 5 benih diberi makanan Rotifera. On day 5 seed to be given food Rotifera. Pemberian makanan ini tidak boleh terlambat karena ikan Oscar bersifat kanibal (memangsa sesamanya). The provision of food can not be delayed because of cannibal fish Oscar (memangsa each other). On day 5 seed to be given food Rotifera. On day 5 seed to be given food Rotifera. The food must not be delayed because of cannibal fish Oscar (memangsa each other). The Provision of food can not be delayed because of cannibal fish Oscar (memangsa each other).
   
3. Pada hari ke 10 sudah bisa diberi kutu ari yang telah disaring. In the 10 hours to be given ari lice that has been filtered. In the 10 hours to be given ari lice that has been filtered. In the 10 hours to be given ari lice that has been filtered.
   
4. Setelah berumur 2 minggu benih mulai diberi kutu air tanpa disaring dan mulai dicoba cacing rambut. After the age of 2 are given sunday seeds begin without filtered water bug and began to try hair worms. After the age of 2 are given sunday seeds begin without filtered water bug and began to try worms hair. After the age of 2 are given sunday seeds begin with filtered water bug and began to try hair worms.
   
5. Benih sudah dapat dipindahkan ke bak/kolam yang lebih luas setelah berumur 25 hari. The seed may have been moved to the basin / pond that is wider after the age of 25 days. The seed may have been moved to the basin / pond that is wider after the age of 25 days. The seed may have been moved to the basin / pond that is wider after the age of 25 days.
   

4. PEMBESARAN

1. Pembesaran ikan dilakukan setelah benih berumur 25 hari. Enlargement of fish seed was made after 25 days. Enlargement of fish seed was made after 25 days. Enlargement of fish seed was made after 25 days.
   
2. Benih yang dihasilkan kira-kira 1000 s/d 3000 ekor untuk satu kali penetasan. The seed produced approximately 1000 until 3000 for a one-time head incubation. The seed produced approximately 1000 until 3000 for a one-time head incubation. The seed produced approximately 1000 until 3000 for a one-time head incubation.
   
3. Bak yang digunakan berukuran 2 x 1 x 1 m 3 , dan diisi air setinggi 20 - 25 cm. Bath used measuring 2 x 1 x 1 m 3, and filled with water at 20 - 25 cm. Bath used measuring 2 x 1 x 1 m 3, and filled with water at 20 - 25 cm. Bath used measuring 2 x 1 x 1 m 3, and filled with water at 20 - 25 cm.
   
4. Untuk pertama kali pembesaran dapat ditebar kurang lebih 300 ekor ikan. For the first time the enlargement can ditebar more than 300 fish tail. For the first time the enlargement can ditebar more than 300 fish tail. For the first time the enlargement can ditebar more than 300 fish tail.
   
5. Untuk mengurangi teriknya matahari pada siang hari, di dalam bak diberi tanaman air seperti eceng gondok dan Hidrilla Verticilata. To reduce the teriknya sun at noon, in the basin are given water plants such as water hyacinth and Hidrilla Verticilata. Untuk mencegah masuknya air hujan terlalu banyak, pada bagian atas bak ditutup sebagian dengan seng plastik. To prevent entry of rain water is too many, at the top of the vessel was closed in part with the plastic zinc. To reduce the teriknya sun at noon, in the basin are given water plants such as water hyacinth and Hidrilla Verticilata. Teriknya To reduce the sun at noon, in the basin are given water plants such as water hyacinth and Hidrilla Verticilata. To prevent entry of rain water is too many, in the upper part of the vessel was closed with plastic roofing. To prevent entry of rain water is too many, at the top of the vessel was closed in part with the plastic zinc.
   
6. Penjerangan dilakukan setelah benih berada di bak selama sebulan dengan jumlah menjadi 200 ekor Penjerangan after the seed is in the tub for a month to 200 the number of tails Penjerangan after the seed is in the tub for a month to 200 the number of tails Penjerangan after the seed is in the tub for a month to 200 the number of tails
   
7. Makanan yang diberikan berupa cacng rambut. Food was given a cacng hair. Food was given a cacng hair. Food was given a cacng hair.
   
8. Setelah ikan berumur 5 ~ 6 bulan, ikan sudah dapat diseleksi untuk dijadikan induk, makanan yang diberikan diganti dengan udang kali yang masih segar/hidup, bisa juga diberi udang rebon yang masih segar. After the fish was 5 ~ 6 months, the fish are to be used as parent, the food provided was replaced with the time the shrimp are still fresh / live, can also be rebon shrimp that are still fresh. After the fish was 5 ~ 6 months, the fish are to be used as parent, the food provided was replaced with the time the shrimp are still fresh / live, can also be rebon shrimp that are still fresh. After the fish was 5 ~ 6 months, the fish are to be used as parent, the food provided was replaced with the time the shrimp are still fresh / live, can also be rebon shrimp that are still fresh.
   
9. Sepasang induk dapat menghasilkan telur 1000 s/d 4000 butir untuk sekali pemijahan. Parent can produce a pair of eggs in 1000 until 4000 for a single grain pemijahan. Parent can produce a pair of eggs in 1000 until 4000 for a single grain pemijahan. Parent can produce a pair of eggs in 1000 until 4000 for a single grain pemijahan.
   

5. PENUTUP CLOSING 5. CLOSING CLOSING

Untuk mendapatkan warna yang indah pada ikan Oscar, pemberian makanan harus mengandung zat kapur (chitine) dimulai sejak kecil, seperti kutu air (Moina), Rotifera, cacing rambut, Artemia, udang rebon atau udang kali. To get the beautiful color in the Oscar fish, the food must contain calcium (chitine) started small, such as the water flea (Moina), Rotifera, hair worms, Artemia, shrimp, or shrimp rebon times. Ikan Oscar mempunyai nilai ekonomi yang cukup tinggi; untuk ikan yang berumur 4 bulan (berukuran kurang lebih 6 cm) harganya Rp. Oscar fish that have economic value is high enough; for fish that are 4 months (measuring approximately 6 cm) costs Rp. 500,00 per ekor, sedangkan induk Oscar bisa mencapai harga Rp. 500.00 per head, while the main Oscar can reach Rp. 50.000,00 per pasang. 50,000.00 per pair. Dengan menekuni cara pemeliharaan ikan Oscar ini, dapat menambah penghasil keluarga. By way of maintenance menekuni Oscar this fish, can increase of the family. To get the beautiful color in the Oscar fish, the food must contain calcium (chitine) started small, such as the water flea (Moina), Rotifera, hair worms, Artemia, shrimp, or shrimp rebon time. To get the beautiful color in the Oscar fish, the food must contain calcium (chitine) started small, such as the water flea (Moina), Rotifera, hair worms, Artemia, shrimp, or shrimp rebon times. Oscar fish have economic value that is high enough; for fish that are 4 months (measuring approximately 6 cm) costs Rp. Oscar fish that have economic value is high enough; for fish that are 4 months (measuring approximately 6 cm) costs Rp. 500.00 per head, while the main Oscar can reach Rp. 500.00 per head, while the main Oscar can reach Rp. 50,000.00 per pair. 50000.00 per pair. menekuni With the way the Oscar this fish, can increase of the family. By way of maintenance menekuni Oscar this fish, can increase the family.

6. SUMBER RESOURCES 6. RESOURCES RESOURCES

Dinas Perikanan DKI Jakarta, 1996 Fisheries Jakarta, 1996 Fisheries Jakarta, Jakarta 1996 Fisheries, 1996

7. KONTAK HUBUNGAN CONTACT RELATIONS 7. RELATIONS CONTACT CONTACT RELATIONS

Dinas Perikanan DKI Jakarta Fisheries DKI Jakarta Fisheries Fisheries DKI Jakarta DKI Jakarta

LIVE BEARER

LIVE BEARER

1. INTRODUCTION

Ornamental fish is known by the public as aquarium decorations. The development of ornamental fish in Indonesia, the progress that continues to increase, especially fresh water ornamental fish native Indonesia. Among the many types of ornamental fish, can not have everything dibudidayakan. In breed ornamental fish must be aware that each type of nature have a habit of life and different, for example in the way pemijahan, or lay up nest.
Guppy fish
Molly Fish
Platy Fish
Sword Fish Tail

How perkembangbiakkan ornamental fish have some kind of:

1. Ornamental fish are childless.
2. Fish lay eggs into the tub.
3. Ornamental fish that lay eggs on a subtrat.
4. Ornamental fish eggs that hatch in the foam nest.
5. Fish eggs that hatch in the mouth.

In this paper will be discussed on ways of ornamental fish that give birth (live bearer), for example:

1. Guppy fish (Poecilia Reticulata Guppy)
2. Fish Molly (Poelicia latipinna Sailfin molly)
3. Fish Platy (Xiphophorus maculatus Platy)
4. Sword fish tail (Xiphophorus helleri Sword tail)

2. The characteristics of male and female HOME

1. Up Jantan
1. Gonopodium have (in the form of belly bulge behind the fin), which is a modified form of the anal fin into the fin length.
2. Rampaing body.
3. Brighter colors.
4. Fin spine longer.
5. Big head.
2. Up Betina
1. Fin behind the stomach does not have gonopodium, but a smooth fin.
2. Body fat
3. The color is less bright.
4. Fin back normal.
5. His head slightly taper.

3. HAL to note In

1. Water that is needed is enough ari contain Oxygen (O2) and clear.
2. Water temperature ranges between 15 ~ 27 ° C.
3. the preferred pH is a bit alkalis, namely around 7 ~ 8.
4. Food that can be given natural food (larva, worms, water bug) and artificial food, given secukupnya.

4. ENGINEERING PEMIJAHAN

1. Elections chief. Choose a parent who is relatively large size, shape and body mengembung have a beautiful color.
2. Parent-parent who has been included in the chosen vessel for a few pairs of parent. However, when the offspring of a certain desire can also be done in a way to separate a pair of in-vessel retired couple.
3. Bak-bak pemijahan must be controlled every day. After birth, children, fish must be immediately taken and separated from the mother not to be eaten by mother.

5. CARE BENIH

1. Children of the new fish is born not need food, because it still contains yolk (egg yolk). After 4 ~ 5 days children can be given a new fish food such as water bug that has been filtered, or yellow eggs that have been boiled and destroyed.
2. After reaching a medium size (2 ~ 3 cm) can be worm food, and after reaching adult size (5 ~ 7 cm) can be given food larva.
3. In addition to natural foods can also be given additional food dried worms, jelly etc..
4. Feeding should be 2 times a day, do not be excessive, because it can cause contamination that can meerusak water quality.
5. Water turnover. Water tanks in the aquarium or not to dirty / muddy, because it may cause child mortality of fish. Dirt can be cleaned every 2 ~ 3 days with how disiphon, water terbuang at the time penyiphonan as much as 10 ~ 20% water can be replaced with a new one.

6. CLOSING

Fish live bearer This is a very easy and have a high level of success. For one pair of fish can produce 50 to 100 ekar fish for a one-time pemijahan, the price of Rp perekor. 25, Rp-up. 75, -. This type of fish is also an ornamental fish exports in the can, for example: Guppy fish. With the right technical maintenance and persistence of high results will be obtained with a very beautiful color.

7. RESOURCES

Fisheries Jakarta, Jakarta, 1996

8. CONTACT RELATIONS

Fisheries Jakarta, Jakartaa

Decorative fish Tetra TYPE

Decorative fish Tetra TYPE

1. TYPES OF FISH Tetra

The types of fish are quite beautiful Tetra. Various types of Tetra known in Indonesia as Tetra Green, Blue Tetra, Silver Tetra, Neon Tetra & many others. Diketengahkan any posts on this type of neon Tetra coming from the river Amazon United States, and has been breeding in Indonesia. Neon Tetra (Hyphessobryconnesi), ornamental fish to include this group in the ornamental fish the most interesting. Body danbiru green striped red throughout the body from the gill to ekornya. Ornamental fish is kept simple, strong and not easy to sick / dead.

2. HOW MEMBIAKAN

How to propagate this type of fish is still quite difficult and requires patience and a long experience. The fish membiakan to this need in terms of certain antaralain:

1. Water must be sterile and acid (pH less than 6.4)
2. Happy in a dark place.
3. Temperatures around 20 ° C

How to distinguish male and female is as follows:

* Jantan Betina
Rather the form of short-and long Bulat belly up neon lines straight lines slightly crooked
How membiakkannya:
1. Separate parent-parent neon Tetra.
2. Precipitation ditampung and didiamkan until sunday + 2.
3. Places that used to spawn, the fish is cleaned first pitch and washed with Tawas.
4. Enter the rain water into the pemijahan.
5. Tetesi timber with water rendaman acid.
6. Didiamkan 2 ~ 3 days.
7. Enter the plant or foliage to lay eggs in neon Tetra.
8. Enter Tetra parent who has been separated first.
9. Close the hole and give a little light in order to be able to see gestures fish.
10. If the visible male and female each romp, then + 3 days and then have seen egg-egg attached to the leaves or roots which have been provided.
11. Move the mother and covered with black cloth does not have to light the entrance.
12. During the 3 + hours are Tetra neon eggs hatch.
13. Children can be given this fish food infusoria the bacteria pembusuk on cabbage leaf / brush setetes canker for the drops.
14. After + 2 - 3 sunday cover may have been reopened.
15. Then will be seen children Tetra fish.
In hot areas such as Jakarta should propagate Tetra is done dikamar bath hawanya the humid and cold.

3. RESOURCES

Fisheries, Government of DKI Jakarta, Jakarta, 1996

4. CONTACT RELATIONS

Fisheries Jakarta, Jl. Medan Merdeka Selatan No. 8 - 9, Block G Floor 21, Central Jakarta, Tel. 021 359363

BUDIDAYA decorative fish MANFISH

BUDIDAYA decorative fish MANFISH
(Pterophyllum scalare)

1. PENDAHULUAN

Ikan manfish (Angle Fish) berasal dari Amerika Selatan, tetapi telah banyak dibudidayakan di Indonesia. Ikan manfish disebut Angle Fish (Ikan Bidadari), karena bentuk dan warnanya menarik serta gerakkannya yang tenang. Secara umum budidaya ikan manfish tidak membutuhkan lahan yang luas, bahkan dapat dilakukan dalam aquarium atau paso dari tanah, sehingga tidak membutuhkan investasi besar untuk budidayanya.

2. PEMIJAHAN

1. Perbedaan induk jantan dan betina
   

   INDUK JANTAN	INDUK BETINA
   - Ukuran relatif lebih besar dari induk betina pada umur yang sama - Dilihat dari atas perut pipih atau ramping - Bentuk kepala agak besar - Antara mulut dan sirip punggung berbentuk cembung.	- Mempunyai ukuran relatif lebih kecil dari induk jantan - Perut terlihat besar dan menonjol - Kepala lebih kecil - Antara mulut ke sirip punggung membentuk garis lurus, kadang-dang menonjol sedikit.

2. Pemilihan Induk
   

   1. Induk yang baik untuk dipijahkan adalah yang telah berumur lebih dari 6 bulan, dengan panjang induk jantan + 7,5 cm dan induk betina + 5 cm
      
   2. Untuk penentuan pasangan secara cermat, yaitu dengan cara menyiapkan induk-induk yang telah matang telur dalam satu bak (2 x 2) meter persegi dengan ketinggian air + 30 cm. Umumnya ikan manfish akan memilih pasangannya masing-masing. Hal ini dapat terlihat pada malam hari, ikan yang telah berpasangan akan memisahkan diri dari kelompoknya. Ikan yang telah berpasangan ini segera diangkat untuk dipijahkan.
      
3. Cara Pemijahan
   
   1. Tempat pemijahan dapat berupa aquarium, bak atau paso dari tanah, diisi air yang telah diendapkan setinggi 30 - 60 cm
      
   2. Siapkan substrat dapat berupa daun pisang, seng plastik, kaca, keramik atau genteng dengan lebar + 10 cm dan panjang + 20 cm
      
   3. Substrat diletakkan secara miring atau terlentang
      
   4. Sebelum terjadi pemijahan, induk jantan akan membersihkan substrat dengan mulutnya
      
   5. Setelah terjadi pemijahan, telur akan menempel pada substrat. Untuk satu kali pemijahan telur dapt berjumlah 2.000 ~ 3.000 butir
      
   6. Selama pemijahan induk akan diberi makan kutu air dan cuk.
      

3. PEMELIHARAAN BENIH

Setelah induk memijah, penetasan telur dapat segera dilakukan. Penetasan telur ada beberapa cara:

1. Substrat yang telah ditempeli telur diangkat, untuk dipindahkan kedalam aquarium penetasan. Pada waktu mengangkat substrat diusahakan agar telur senantiasa terendam air, untuk itu dapat digunakan baskom atau wadah lain yang dimasukkan ke tempat pemijahan
2. Cara kedua yaitu telur ditetaskan dalam tempat pemijahan. Setelah menetas (2 ~ 3 hari) benih yang masih menempel pada substrat dapat dipindahkan ke aquarium. Pemindahan benih dilakukan dengan cara yang sama (1.) Beberapa hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam pemeliharaan benih:
   1. Aquarium tempat menetaskan telur maupun pemeliharaan benih sebelumnya harus di persiapkan dahulu, yaitu dengan mengisi air yang telah diendapkan + 10 cm, kemudian bubuhkan methyline blue beberapa tetes, untuk mencegah kematian telur karena serangan jamur. Selanjutnya beri tambahan oksigen dengan menggunakan pompa udara.
      
   2. Telur dan benih yang masih menempel pada substrat tidak perlu diberi makan
      
   3. Setelah lepas dari substrat (3 ~ 4 hari) dapat diberikan makanan berupa rotifera atau kutu air yang disaring, selama 5 ~ 7 hari.
      
   4. Selanjutnya benih diberi kutu air tanpa di saring
      
   5. Setelah seminggu diberi kutu air, benih muali dicoba diberi cacing rambut.
      

4. PEMBESARAN

1. Setelah benih memakan cacing rambut, perlu dilakukan penjarangan di aquarium yang lebih besar
   
2. Pada 1,5 bulan dapat ditebar sebanyak + 1.000 ekor benih pada bak tembok berukuran (1,5 x 2) meter persegi dengan tinggi air 15 s.d. 20 cm
   
3. Selanjutnya penjarangan dilakukan 2 minggu sekali dengan membagi dua, sehingga tiap kolam diisi 100 ekor
   
4. Pada keadaan terbatas kepadatan lebih dari 100 ekor, asal ketinggian air ditambah serta diberi pompa udara
   
5. Pembersihan kotoran dilakukan setiap hari dengan menyiphon dan air sebagaimana semula.
   

5. PENUTUP

1. Karena bentuk dan warnanya yang menarik, serta gerakan yang tenang, sehingga minat masyarakat terhadap ikan manfish (Angle Fish) cukup besar)
   
2. Harga ikan Manfish pun cukup tinggi, sehingga pembudidayaannya dapat dijadikan sebagai usaha sambilan yang dapat menambah penghasilan keluarga.
   

6. SUMBER

Dinas Perikanan, DKI Jakarta, Jakarta.

7. KONTAK HUBUNGAN

Dinas Perikanan, DKI Jakarta, Jakarta

IKAN MAS KOKI MUTIARA

IKAN MAS KOKI MUTIARA

1. INTRODUCTION

Fish is the chef-pearl gold fish species that have a rounded body with a small head and tail width. Fish come from mainland china, but in Indonesia has long can dibudidayakan. Marketing of fish other than in the country is also a type of fish in the export and harganyapun high.

2. PEMIJAHAN

1. Elections chief
1. Parent who is good for dipijahkan aged 8 + months, with a minimum size of duck eggs.
2. Select the parent body with a head small rounded, full scale and composed rapih. If the fish are moving, and the tail fin will appear upright.
3. To get the seed of the color, the main candidates who will dipijahkan plain color. Use the male parent and a white female or black moss green, or vice versa.
2. Differences in male and female
Up Jantan

Up Betina
In the pectoral fin there are spots rounded prominent be touched and felt, if rough. In the pectoral fin there are spots and be touched if it feels fine.
Parent if that has been cooked slowly sorted kerarah will exit hole genital fluids sorted If the white, yellow liquid out bening.Pada parent that has been cooked, stomach feels weak and genital hole reddish.
3. How pemijahan
1. Bath / aquarium that has been filled with clean water that has been diendapkan + 24 minutes, then place the water hyacinth to embed eggs.
2. Choose the parent who has cooked eggs, enter into a vessel in the afternoon. When the selection is done carefully parent, usually the next day the eggs stick to the already water hyacinth roots.
3. Because eggs do not need to dierami, parent can be moved to the pond's parent, to wait until pemijahan erikutnya. If good care, the 3 ~ 4 sunday and parent can dipijahkan back.

3. Maintenance BENIH

1. After 2 ~ 3 days the eggs will hatch, until the age of 2 ~ 3 days the seed has not been given food, because it still had supplies of food on its yolk sac (yellow).
2. In the days to 3 ~ 4 seed can be given food water bug that has been strained.
3. After the age of 15 + hours to try starting seeds are given in addition to hair worm infestation still be water, until the seed is able to eat a whole new hair worm infestation of water stopped.
4. For the eggs in the aquarium ditetaskan the seeds sebainya after sunday + 1 was moved to the tub / pool wider.
5. Height of water in the vessel 10 ~ 15 cm of water with the turn of 5 ~ 7 days once. Each turn of the water use water that has been diendapkan first.
6. To avoid the sun is too fierce required some form of protective plant water hyacinth.

4. PEMBESARAN

1. Enlargement of fish after the seed was more than 1 month until the parent.
2. This type of pearl chef requires a lot of sunlight, for the water hyacinth plant can be reduced or dihilangi.
3. For the first stage of enlargement can ditebar + 1000 tail fish in tanks measuring 1.5 x 2 m. And thinning can be done every 2 weeks with 2 divided.
4. Replacement of water can be made 3 ~ 5 days, the same with water that has been diendapkan.
5. Food was given a hair worms. Food provided in the morning in adlibitum (secukupnya). If on the evening of food remaining, immediately appointed / clean.
6. After the age of 4 months the fish are already candidates parent. For the male and female immediately separated until the age of 8 weeks that have been ready dipijahkan. For parent fish food should be given the form of mosquito jentik (choke).
7. A pair of parent can produce eggs 2000 until 3000 for a single grain pemijahan.

5. CLOSING

Gold fish chef ekonimis pearls have high value. Seed for 1 month price was around Rp. 30, - s / d Rp. 50, - while a pair of parent around Rp. 5000, - s / d 10.000, -. By way of maintenance, along with the appropriate diligence that can be expected earnings lumayan.

6. RESOURCES

Fisheries Jakarta, Jakarta, 1996

7. CONTACT RELATIONS

Fisheries DKI Jakarta

LIVESTOCK BUDIDAYA dairy cow

LIVESTOCK BUDIDAYA dairy cow
( Bos sp. )

1. BRIEF HISTORY

Cattle are the most important livestock as a source of meat, milk, labor and other needs. Cow produces about 50% (45-55%) of meat in the world needs, the needs of 95% and 85% milk skin needs. Cow came from family Bovidae. as well as the Bison, bison, water buffaloes (Bubalus), African buffalo (Syncherus), and Anoa.

Domestikasi cattle start made about 400 years BC. Estimated to come from cows Central Asia, then spread to Europe, Africa and throughout Asia. Towards the end of the 19th century, Ongole cattle from India to include Sumba island and since that time the island was used as a breeding cow Ongole pure.

In the year 1957 has made the genetic improvement of the quality of cattle Madura with the way the cattle menyilangkannya Red Deen. Another contradiction between local cattle (hybrid Ongole) with Frisian Holstein dairy cow in Grati to dairy cow is a new type of in accordance with the climate and conditions in Indonesia.

2. SENTRA FISHERY

Cattle breeding centers in the world in European countries (Scotland, UK, Denmark, France, Switzerland, Netherlands), Italy, United States, Australia, Africa and Asia (India and Pakistan). Holstein Friesian cows, for example, is familiar with the high production susunya (+ 6350 kg / year), with milk fat percentage of around 3-7%. However, dairy cow, cattle are able to be in that up to 25,000 kg of milk / year, when the seeds are used superior, given the feed in accordance with the needs of livestock, the environment that support and implement a management culture with the good. Currently, production of milk in the world reached 385 million m2/ton/th, especially in a zone that is being. Milk production in cows PSPB still less than 10 liters / day, and far from the normal standard 12 liter / day (the average is only 5-8 liters / day).

3. TYPE

In general, the nations cow (Bos) is there in the world there are two, namely (1) groups that come from Zebu cattle (Bos indicus) or the type of cow that berpunuk, coming and spread in the tropics and (2) groups from Bos primigenius, which spread in the sub-tropical or better known as the Bos Taurus.

Type of dairy cow and the winner most of the cows is kept Shorhorn (UK), Holstein Friesian (Dutch), Yersey (of the strait between the English Channel and France), Brown Swiss (from Switzerland), Danish Red (from Denmark) and Droughtmaster (from Australia). Results of the survey PSPB Cibinong shows that the type of dairy cow the most suitable and profitable for dibudidayakan in Indonesia is Frisien Holstein.

4. BENEFITS

Livestock cattle produce meat as a source of protein, milk, leather used for industrial and manure as a source of organic agriculture.

5. LOCATION REQUIREMENTS

The ideal location to build a shed is a region that is located quite far from the settlement, but easily accessible by car. Enclosure must be separated from homes with a minimum distance of 10 meters and the sun should be able to cut through the cage and close to the agricultural land. Pembuatannya can be done in a group or in the middle of rice fields.

6. TECHNICAL GUIDELINES BUDIDAYA

6.1. Preparation Facility and Equipment

Pens can be made in the form of single or double, depending on the number of cattle owned. In the single-cage type, placement is done on the cow one line or one row, while the pen bertipe double placement is done on two series of each other or each other for behind. Between the two series are made to line the road.

Preparation for the purpose of my pen (kereman) usually form when a single capacity of the livestock kept only a few. However, when the cattle production is for the commercial, the size of the enclosure should be more knowledgeable and more so that it can accommodate the large number of cattle that much more. Floors should be arranged pens remain clean in order to prevent the occurrence of various diseases. Floors made of soil cement or compact, and easy to clean from cow dung. Dialasi ground floor with a straw bed dry as a warm enclosure.

Pens and all the equipment that should never be used disuci hamakan first with disinfectant, such as creolin, lysol, and other materials. The size of the enclosure made for a mature bull x2 is 1.5 m or 2.5 m x2, while for adult female cow is 1.8 m and x2 for the calf is 1.5 m x1 tail, with a high top, 2-2, 5 m of land. The temperature in the enclosure around 25-40 degrees C (average 33 degrees C) and
75% humidity. Location of maintenance can be done on the low (100-500 m) to high (> 500 m).

6.2. Seedling

The requirements that must be met by seed female adult dairy cow is:

1. high milk production,
2. 3,5-4,5 age years and have been childless,
3. comes from the parent and offspring pejantan that have high milk production,
4. form of the body such as the wedge,
5. luminous eyes, your back straight, head of both, the distance front foot or the back foot is quite big and strong legs,
6. udder is big enough, pertautan good enough in the body, be touched when the soft, smooth skin, vena much milk, long and sinuous, nipple is not more than 4, is located in a square that is not symmetrical and too short,
7. healthy body and not as a disease, and
8. give birth each year.

Meanwhile, both the main candidates are:

1. comes from the parent of a high milk yield water,
2. head and neck a little long, sharp shoulder, the body long enough, back and pinggul average, in the chest and pinggul wide,
3. the distance between the two rear legs and two front legs wide enough,
4. udder growth and good stalk,
5. stalk number of not more than 4 and the location of symmetrical, and
6. healthy and not disabled.

Pejantan that both must meet the following criteria:

1. age of 4-5 years,
2. have high fertility,
3. power production is down to the high children,
4. comes from the parent and pejantan good,
5. big body in accordance with age, strong, and have attributes pejantan good,
6. head width, neck big, wide waist, back strong,
7. a little long face, shoulder width and a little sharp,
8. Average thigh and quite separate,
9. chest width and the distance between the bones rusuknya quite wide,
10. body length, in the chest, chest circumference and the circumference of the belly, and
11. healthy, free from disease and disability does not reduce the offspring.

Procedure:

1. Candidates and election Seeds Up
To pursue a higher livestock productivity, environmental improvement is needed and increase the genetic quality of the cattle. The new seed must come quarantined for disease transmission. Then the seeds are given to drink water mixed with salt, placed in a clean cage and be pondered and recorded appearance.
2. The seed treatment and Candidate Master
All virgin dairy cow that has not shown signs birahi pregnant or not after a certain period, should be. If a cow that has been be the milk, the cows are again based on the production susunya, trends infected udder inflammation and temperamennya.
3. The system Pemuliabiakan
Often dairy cow is integrated with the virgin pejantan Pedaging to reduce the risk of birth and new difficulties after the child is integrated with a single dairy cow pejantan options. Seeds should be given the opportunity to move on at least 2 hours each day.

6.3. Maintenance

1. Sanitation and preventive action
On the maintenance-intensive beef cattle breeder dikandangkan so easy mengawasinya, while maintaining an extensive monitoring difficult because the beef-cattle that are left free to live. Dairy cow is kept in the shade (the room) have a conception of production is higher (19%) and production susunya 11% more than without shade. Seeds immediately treated the sick and because of the seeds bear dikering kandangkan for 1-2 months.
2. Animal Care
Livestock dimandikan 2 days once. All cattle dimandikan parent every day after the cage cleaned before milking and milk. Pen should be cleaned every day, placed on the dirt enclosure special care so that they can be processed into fertilizer. Once cleaned stalls, should be given lantainya mattress pad as a floor general, made of straw or leftover food hijauan (mattress once a week should be demolished). Conducted since cattle weighing up to pedet age adults. Cattle pedet be pondered once a week while the adult cow be pondered every month or 3 months. The new cow disapih be pondered once. Adult cattle can be pondered with assessment based on the measurement of chest circumference and width, the length of the body and high-brow.
3. Giving Feeds
Feeding the cattle can be done with 3 ways, including:
1. penggembalaan system (pasture fattening)
2. kereman (dry lot fattening)
3. how a combination of first and second.
Given the form of feed and concentrate hijauan. Hijauan the form of rice straw, sugarcane leaf shoots, Lamtoro, alfalfa, elephant grass, grass or grass Bengal king. Hijauan given day after milking as much as 30-50 kg / head / day. Feed a cow pasture for adults
generally given as much as 10% of body weight (BB) and the additional feed as many as 1-2% of the BB. Cattle that are breastfeeding (lactation) requires additional food of 25% and concentrate hijauan in ransumnya. Hijauan the form of fresh grass should be added to the types of nuts (legum).
Carbohydrate source such as bran or fine bekatul, pulp, and GAPLEK, oilcake and coconut and minerals (as a brace) in the form of salt, lime, etc.. Concentrate feed should be provided in the morning and afternoon before cattle diperah of 1-2 kg / head / day. Besides food, the cows must be given water to drink as much as 10% of body weight per day.
Maintenance is the main feed and adequate quality, and keep the pen and the health of livestock are kept. Kereman feeding in combination with penggembalaan At the beginning of the season, every day digembalakan cattle. In the rainy season, cattle feed and dikandangkan given the quota. Penggembalaan also aims to provide an opportunity to move the cattle to strengthen his leg.
4. Maintenance Kandang
Ditimbun dirt in other places so that the process of fermentation (+1-2 sunday) and turned into manure that is mature and well. Cowshed can not be a closed meeting (open slightly) so that the air circulation inside running smoothly. Clean drinking water must be available at any time. Feed and drinking places should be made outside the cage but still below the roof. Feed made the place a bit higher so that the feed given diinjak not tread or mixed with dirt. Meanwhile, the water should be made permanent, cement tanks, and a little higher than the surface of the floor. Also provide equipment to bathe cows.

7. Pests and diseases

7.1. Diseases

1. Diseases antraks
* The cause: Bacillus anthracis is transmitted through direct contact, food / drink or inhalation.
* Symptoms:
1. high fever, body weakness and trembling;
2. respiratory disturbances;
3. gland swelling in the chest, neck, body and genitals full boil;
4. sometimes blood red black out through the nose, ears, mouth, anus and vagina;
5. liquid sewage and livestock are often mixed with blood;
6. swollen spleen and colored black.
* Control: vaccination, antibiotic treatment, isolate the infected cow and bury / burn the dead cow.
2. Nails and mouth disease (PMK) or disease Apthae epizootica (AE)
* The cause: a virus is spread through direct contact with urine, water, milk, saliva and other substances that bacteria tercemar AE.
* Symptoms:
1. mouth cavity, tongue, and their feet blister or tracak and there is a rounded protrusion that contain clear fluid;
2. heat or fever, body temperature decreased dramatically;
3. appetite decreased even does not want to eat at all;
4. excessive saliva out.
* Control: vaccination and the sick cow exiled and treated separately.
3. Diseases ngorok / mendekur or disease Septichaema epizootica (SE)
* Causes: bacteria Pasturella multocida. Penularannya through food and beverages tercemar bacteria.
* Symptoms:
1. skin and mucous membrane of the tongue swell, red and kebiruan;
2. neck, anus, vulva and swell;
3. inflame the lungs, and intestinal mucous stomach acid and crimson;
4. fever and difficult breathing, so that people like ngorok. In the situation is very severe, cattle will die in the time between 12-36 hours.
* Control: SE and anti-vaccination given antibiotics or sulfa.
4. Disease or inflammation nail nails decay (foot rot)
* The disease attacks the cow is kept in a cage wet and dirty.
* Symptoms:
1. germinal nail swelling around the fissure and remove the white turbid liquid;
2. kuku skin peel;
3. grow benjolan that cause pain;
4. cattle and game can finally paralyzed.

7.2. Prevention of attacks

Efforts to prevent and be treated with cut nails and soak in the pain refanol solution for 30 minutes of repeated once a week and put in cattle pens clean and dry.

8. PANEN

8.1. Main results

Results from the cultivation of major dairy cow milk is produced by a female parent.

8.2. Additional results

In addition to dairy cow milk also provides the results of other meat and leather come from cows that are not productive and manure produced from cattle dung.

9. PASCAPANEN: ...

10. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS BUDIDAYA

10.1. Cultivating Business Analysis

Dairy cow cattle business in Indonesia are by subsistence cattle farmers and small businesses that have not reached oriented economy. The low level of productivity of cattle is due to a lack of capital, and knowledge / skills of farmers that includes aspects of reproduction, feeding, management pascapanen result, the application of the recording system, milking, sanitation and disease prevention. Besides the knowledge of farmers on aspects of governance should be improved so that the trade benefits comparable with the maintenance. Cow milk production in the world has now exceeded 385 million m2/ton/th to the level of sales and beef products is greater than pedet, pejantan, and cattle afkiran. In the United States, the level of sales and purchase of beef products and in cash for 13% of all farms in the world. Meanwhile, sales calf (pedet), pejantan dairy cow, beef and afkir only around 3%. Milk production is still some need to be improved in line with the increasing number of people in this world. To achieve a high level of production and management of the feed must be fully in accordance with the needs of livestock, which feed the minimum that can be used by livestock (be merged) arranged around 3,5-4% of the dry

10.2. Gambaran Peluang Agribusiness

Animal husbandry dairy cow family benefit if the number of cattle that are at least as much as 6 tails, although the level of efficiency can be achieved with a minimum of 2 tails pengusahaannya with average milk production of 15 lt / day. Efforts to increase the income of farmers through dairy cow pembudidayaan can also be done through business diversification. In addition to cooperative efforts and integrated (horizontal and vertical) with farmers and other institutions that berkompeten, and still stabilize the pattern over the pear.

11. REFERENCES

1. Anonymous. []. Guidelines Beternak dairy cow. Purwokerto, Central Pembibitan Livestock Hijauan Food and Livestock. P. 2. (brochure).
2. Anonymous. 1983. Instructions how to use medicines livestock. Samarinda, East Kalimantan Husbandry Department. P. 12.
3. Anonymous. 1988. Milch cow farming conditions and the quality of milk on the island of Java. PPSKI Bulletin, 5 (27) 1988: 39-40.
4. Anonymous. 1988. Milking, one factor determines the amount of water of milk. Swadaya Livestock Australia, (42) 1988: 23-24.
5. Anonymous. 1988. Improving the welfare of breeder melaluipeningkatan efficiency of production. PPSKI Bulletin, 5 (27) 1988: 16-24.
6. Bandini, Yusni. 1997. Bali cattle. Cet 1. Jakarta, Swadaya spreader. P. 73.
7. Church, D.C. 1991. Livestock feeds and feeding. 3 ed. New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, Inc.: 278-279.
8. Djaja, Willian. 1988. Clean and healthy living in the dairy cow farm. PPSKI Bulletin, 5 (27) 1988: 25-26.
9. Djarijah, Abbas Sirega. 1996. Beef cattle business. Yogyakarta, Kanisius. P. 43.
10. Fox, Michael W. 1984. Farm animals: husbandry, behavior, and veterinary practice. Baltimore Maryland, University Park Press: 82-112; 150.
11. Ginting, Eliezer. 1988. Guidance and counseling dairy cow business people in East Java. PPSKI Bulletin, 5 (27) 1988: 27-33.
12. Hehanussa, P.E. 1995. Master plan Life Science Center-Cibinong. Limnotek, 3 (1) 1995: 1-34.
13. Hermanto. 1988. How does the handling dairy cow in the dry? Swadaya Livestock Australia, (42) 1988: 24-25.
14. Nienaber, J.A., et al. 1974. Livestock Affects production environment and health. Proceedings of the International Livestock Environment Conference. St. Joseph, American Society of Agricultural Engineers.
15. Pane, Ismed. 1986. Pemuliabiakan beef cattle. Jakarta, PT. Media: 1-38; 133.
16. Sabrani, M. 1994. Technology development Sumba Ongole cattle. Jakarta, National Research and Development of Agriculture: 15-26.
17. Suryanto, Bambang; Santosa, Siswanto Imam; Mukson. 1988. Business Husbandry Sciences. Semarang, the Faculty of Animal Husbandry UNDIP. P. 63.
18. Warudjo, Bambang 1988. Quality and price of milk. PPSKI Bulletin, 5 (27) 1988: 34-38.

12. CONTACT RELATIONS

1. Project Rural Community Economic Development - BAPPENAS Jl.Sunda Coconut No. 7 Jakarta, Tel. 021 390 9829, Fax. 021 390 9829
2. Office Minister of State Research and Technology, Deputy Pendayagunaan and Pemasyarakatan Iptek, BPPT II Building 6 Floor, Jl. M. H. Thamrin No. 8, Jakarta 10340, Indonesia, Tel. +62 21 316 9166 ~ 69, Fax. +62 21 310 1952, Web Site: http://www.ristek.go.id

Source: Project Development of Rural Economic Society, Bappenas